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Furigana Show|Add to ▼ Source Totoeba Project
Especially over the last 20 years, the purported link between progressive welfare policies and economic failure in the Northern European countries seems to point to the difficulty of sustaining both full social welfare and international competitivity.
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Vocabulary list

tokuni
adverb
  1. particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
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yaku
adverb
  1. approximately; about
noun
  1. promise; appointment; engagement
  2. shortening; reduction; simplification
  3. contraction (in phonetics)
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nijuunen
  1. twenty years; 20 years
nijuu
numeric
  1. twenty; 20
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nen
noun
  1. year
counter
  1. counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school)
noun
  1. period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
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mae
noun
  1. in front (of); before (e.g. a building)
noun, no adjective, adverb
  1. before; earlier; previously; prior; ago; (minutes) to (the hour)
noun, no adjective
  1. (the) front; frontal part; fore; head (e.g. of a line)
noun
  1. forward; ahead
  2. (in the) presence (of); in front (of someone)
no adjective
  1. previous (e.g. page); prior (e.g. engagement); first (e.g. half); former (e.g. example)
suffix
  1. portion; helping (after a noun or the -masu stem of a verb)
noun
  1. front (of one's body or clothing); breast (of a coat, kimono, etc.)
  2. privates; private parts
  3. criminal record; previous conviction; (a) prior
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kara
particle
  1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
  2. from (originator); by
  3. because; since (follows verbs, adjectives)
  4. out of (constituent, part)
  5. through (e.g. window, vestibule)
  6. after; since (following the te-form of a verb)
  7. expresses sympathy or warning
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kou
noun, prefix
  1. high
suffix
  1. high school
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fukushiseisaku
noun
  1. welfare policy; social welfare measures
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fukushi
noun
  1. welfare; well-being; social welfare; social security; social service
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seisaku
noun
  1. political measures; policy
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ga
particle
  1. indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
  2. indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
conjunction
  1. but; however; still; and
  2. regardless of; whether (or not) (after the volitional form of a verb)
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keizaiteki
na adjective
  1. economic; economical; financial
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keizai
noun
  1. economy; economics
  2. finance; (one's) finances; financial circumstances
  3. being economical; economy; thrift
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teki
suffix, na adjective
  1. -ical; -ive; -al; -ic; -y (used to form adjectives from nouns)
  2. -like; -ish; -sort of; -kind of
  3. (something) like; along the lines of (used similarly to a quoting particle, esp. as 的な or 的なこと)
  4. -wise; in terms of; for; from the viewpoint of; from a ... standpoint; as far as ... is concerned (after a noun or pronoun, esp. adverbially as ～に(は))
suffix
  1. Mr.; Ms.; Mrs. (used as a form of address with names, work titles, etc. to denote either light disdain or familiarity)
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hatan
noun, suru verb
  1. failure; collapse; breakdown; break-up; bankruptcy
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ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
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tsunagaru

Plain Past Indicative Form

tsunagatta
godan verb, intransitive verb
  1. to be tied together; to be connected to; to be linked to
  2. to lead to; to be related to
  3. to be related (by blood)
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tosuru

Passive Plain Present Indicative Form

tosareru
expression, suru verb (irregular)
  1. to try to ...; to be about to do ... (after the volitional form of verb)
  2. to decide to ... (after the dictionary form of verb)
  3. to take as; to treat as; to regard as
  4. to use for
  5. to suppose that (such) is the case; to assume
  6. to decide that; to think that
  7. to make into; to change into
  8. to feel (e.g. after sound symbolism or psychological experience word); to look; to feel like
  9. to intend; to have the intention (with を目的)
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to
particle, conjunction
  1. if; when
  2. and
particle
  1. with
  2. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
noun
  1. promoted pawn
particle
  1. indicates a question (at sentence end)
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suru

Passive Plain Present Indicative Form

sareru
suru verb (irregular)
  1. to do; to carry out; to perform
  2. to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  3. to serve as; to act as; to work as
  4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  5. to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as (as 〜にする,〜とする)
  6. to decide on; to choose (as 〜にする)
suru verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) (as 〜がする)
  2. to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  3. to be worth; to cost
  4. to pass (of time); to elapse
suru verb (irregular), transitive verb
  1. to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B (as AをBにする)
  2. to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B (as AをBにする)
  3. to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B (as AをBにする)
  4. to feel A about B (as AをBにする)
suffix, suru verb (irregular)
  1. verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
auxiliary verb, suru verb (irregular)
  1. creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  2. to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to (as 〜うとする,〜ようとする)
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hokuoushokoku
noun
  1. Nordic countries; Scandinavian countries
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hokuou
noun
  1. Northern Europe; Nordic countries; Scandinavia
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shokoku
noun, noun, used as a suffix
  1. various countries; various regions; various provinces
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ga
particle
  1. indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
  2. indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
conjunction
  1. but; however; still; and
  2. regardless of; whether (or not) (after the volitional form of a verb)
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shimesu
godan verb, transitive verb
  1. to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to tell; to exemplify; to make apparent
  2. to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.)
  3. to indicate; to show; to represent; to signify; to display
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youni
expression
  1. in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as)
  2. hoping or wishing for something
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you
noun, used as a suffix, noun
  1. appearing ...; looking ... (usu. after the -masu stem of a verb)
  2. way to ...; method of ...ing (usu. after the -masu stem of a verb)
  3. form; style; design (usu. after a noun)
  4. like; similar to (usu. after a noun)
noun
  1. thing (thought or spoken)
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ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
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fukushi
noun
  1. welfare; well-being; social welfare; social security; social service
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no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
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juujitsu
noun, suru verb
  1. fullness; completion; perfection; substantiality
  2. enhancement; improvement; enrichment; upgrading
  3. replenishment; repletion
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to
particle, conjunction
  1. if; when
  2. and
particle
  1. with
  2. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
noun
  1. promoted pawn
particle
  1. indicates a question (at sentence end)
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kokusaikyousouryoku
noun
  1. international competitiveness; global competitiveness
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kokusaikyousou
noun
  1. global competition
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kokusai
no adjective, noun
  1. international
noun
  1. diplomatic intercourse
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kyousouryoku
noun
  1. competitiveness; competitive edge; competitive power
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kyousou
noun, suru verb
  1. competition; contest; rivalry; race
  2. competition (between organisms or species)
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ryoku
suffix
  1. strength; power; proficiency; ability
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iji
noun, suru verb
  1. maintenance; preservation; improvement
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no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
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ryouritsu
noun, suru verb
  1. compatibility; coexistence; standing together
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ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
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konnan
noun, na adjective
  1. difficulty; hardship; trouble; distress
  2. infeasibility; inability (to carry out)
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na
particle
  1. don't (prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb)
  2. do (imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb)
interjection
  1. hey; listen; you
particle
  1. now, ...; well, ...; I tell you!; you know (when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end)
  2. wow; ooh (used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end)
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monodearu
expression
  1. is something that; is that which
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monode
particle, conjunction
  1. conjunctive particle indicating a cause or reason
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mono
noun
  1. thing; object; article; stuff; substance
  2. one's things; possessions; property; belongings (as 〜のもの, 〜のもん)
  3. things; something; anything; everything; nothing
  4. quality
  5. reason; the way of things
  6. used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen (formal noun often used as 〜ものだ)
noun, used as a suffix
  1. item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
  2. cause of ...; cause for ...
prefix
  1. somehow; somewhat; for some reason
  2. really; truly
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dearu
copula, godan verb (irregular)
  1. be; is
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de
particle
  1. at; in (indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form)
  2. at; when (indicates time of action)
  3. by; with (indicates means of action)
conjunction
  1. and then; so
auxiliary
  1. and; then (indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types)
particle
  1. let me tell you; don't you know (at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.)
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aru
godan verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be; to exist; to live (usu. of inanimate objects)
  2. to have
  3. to be located
  4. to be equipped with
  5. to happen; to come about
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to
particle, conjunction
  1. if; when
  2. and
particle
  1. with
  2. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
noun
  1. promoted pawn
particle
  1. indicates a question (at sentence end)
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iu

Potential Plain Present Indicative Form

ieru
godan verb
  1. to say; to utter; to declare
  2. to name; to call
  3. to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
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