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In other cultures, the balls were filled with earth, grain, bits and pieces of plants, and sometimes even pieces of metal.
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Vocabulary list

hoka
noun, no adjective
  1. other (place, thing, person); the rest
  2. outside; beyond (esp. 外)
noun, adverb
  1. nothing except; nothing but; nothing apart from; nothing aside from; no choice (but to) (as 〜ほか〜ない, usu. after より or the dictionary form of a verb)
  2. besides...; in addition to... (often as ほかに)
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no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
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bunka
noun
  1. culture; civilization; civilisation
  2. Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
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de
particle
  1. at; in (indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form)
  2. at; when (indicates time of action)
  3. by; with (indicates means of action)
conjunction
  1. and then; so
auxiliary
  1. and; then (indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types)
particle
  1. let me tell you; don't you know (at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.)
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ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
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booru
noun
  1. ball
  2. ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone)
  3. bowl
  4. board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
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niha
expression, particle
  1. to; for; on; in; at (emphasises word marked by に)
  2. in order to; for
  3. as for; regarding (indicates respect for subject of sentence)
  4. while it is (was) the case that ...; indeed ... (but); certainly ... (but) (as ＡにはＡが...; emphasizes the repeated word, followed by a contrasting statement)
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ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
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ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
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do
noun
  1. Saturday
  2. earth; dirt; soil (orig. meaning)
  3. land; lands; ground
  4. earth (third of the five elements)
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kokumotsu
noun, no adjective
  1. grain; cereal; corn
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komagomatoshita
noun or verb acting prenominally
  1. sundry; various; assorted
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komagoma
adverb, adverb taking the to particle, suru verb
  1. minutely; in detail; with particular attention
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tosuru

Plain Past Indicative Form

toshita
expression, suru verb (irregular)
  1. to try to ...; to be about to do ... (after the volitional form of verb)
  2. to decide to ... (after the dictionary form of verb)
  3. to take as; to treat as; to regard as
  4. to use for
  5. to suppose that (such) is the case; to assume
  6. to decide that; to think that
  7. to make into; to change into
  8. to feel (e.g. after sound symbolism or psychological experience word); to look; to feel like
  9. to intend; to have the intention (with を目的)
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adverb taking the to particle
to
particle
  1. with
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suru

Plain Past Indicative Form

shita
suru verb (irregular)
  1. to do; to carry out; to perform
  2. to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  3. to serve as; to act as; to work as
  4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  5. to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as (as 〜にする,〜とする)
  6. to decide on; to choose (as 〜にする)
suru verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) (as 〜がする)
  2. to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  3. to be worth; to cost
  4. to pass (of time); to elapse
suru verb (irregular), transitive verb
  1. to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B (as AをBにする)
  2. to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B (as AをBにする)
  3. to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B (as AをBにする)
  4. to feel A about B (as AをBにする)
suffix, suru verb (irregular)
  1. verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
auxiliary verb, suru verb (irregular)
  1. creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  2. to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to (as 〜うとする,〜ようとする)
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shokubutsu
noun
  1. plant; vegetation
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ga
particle
  1. indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
  2. indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
conjunction
  1. but; however; still; and
  2. regardless of; whether (or not) (after the volitional form of a verb)
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mata
adverb
  1. again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
  2. also; too; as well; likewise
  3. on the other hand; while
conjunction
  1. and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
  2. or; otherwise
adverb
  1. really; how; (what, why) on earth (expresses surprise, shock, doubt, etc.)
prefix
  1. indirect
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toki
noun
  1. time; hour; moment (刻 signifies a time of day; 秋 signifies an important time)
noun, adverb
  1. occasion; case
noun
  1. chance; opportunity; season
  2. the times; the age; the day
  3. tense
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niha
expression, particle
  1. to; for; on; in; at (emphasises word marked by に)
  2. in order to; for
  3. as for; regarding (indicates respect for subject of sentence)
  4. while it is (was) the case that ...; indeed ... (but); certainly ... (but) (as ＡにはＡが...; emphasizes the repeated word, followed by a contrasting statement)
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ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
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ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
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kinzokuhen
noun
  1. piece of metal
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kinzoku
noun
  1. metal
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hen
counter
  1. counter for scraps, fragments, petals, etc.
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saemo
expression
  1. even
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sae
particle
  1. even
  2. (if) only; just; as long as (in a conditional clause; indicates the only thing needed)
  3. besides; on top of that; what's more
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mo
particle
  1. too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence)
  2. both A and B; A as well as B; neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) (as ＡもＢも)
  3. even; as much as; as many as; as far as; as long as; no less than; no fewer than (used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.)
  4. even if; even though; although; in spite of (often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.)
adverb
  1. further; more; again; another; the other
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ga
particle
  1. indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
  2. indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
conjunction
  1. but; however; still; and
  2. regardless of; whether (or not) (after the volitional form of a verb)
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ippai
noun, no adjective
  1. amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic)
na adjective
  1. full
noun
  1. one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat
adverb, no adjective, na adjective
  1. fully; to capacity
  2. a lot; much
noun, used as a suffix, noun, adverb
  1. all of ...; the entire ...
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ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
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tsumekomu

Passive Plain te-form

tsumekomarete
godan verb, transitive verb
  1. to cram; to stuff; to jam; to squeeze; to compress; to pack; to crowd
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Suffix after the te form of a verb
iru

Plain Past Indicative Form

ita
ichidan verb, auxiliary verb
  1. to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing (after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state)
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nodesu
expression
  1. the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ... (の and ん add emphasis)
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no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
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da

Polite Present Indicative Form

desu
copula
  1. be; is (plain copula)
auxiliary verb
  1. did; (have) done (た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action)
  2. please; do (indicates light imperative)
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